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lds apostles in order of seniority

The longest-serving apostle serves as the President of the Church. Oct. 1, 2017 Elder Robert D. Hales dies at age 85. How does knowing that a new President of the Church is called to his office by God, instead of according to worldly systems, build your faith and strengthen your testimony? Parents were American. To see the interactive version of this infographic, click here. He deferred to the senior Apostle, who entered the sepulcher first. Apostle Memory Match Another great game to play is a simple Memory type game. Press J to jump to the feed. The Salt Lake Tribune reviewed the party affiliation of all 15 apostles for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints including the three-member First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve listed on their voting registration at the time of the 2014 midterm election. For this game you could use 2-4 sets of cards. Elder Nelson was a heart surgeon and regional representative for the church in Utah, while Elder Oaks, a former president of Brigham Young University, was a Utah Supreme Court justice. How is a new leader chosen in a monarchy? Nibley was never ordained to the office of Apostle. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles: President M. Russell Ballard, acting president Elder Jeffrey R. Holland Elder Dieter F. Uchtdorf Elder David A. Bednar Elder Quentin L. Cook Elder D. Todd Christofferson Elder Neil L. Andersen Elder Ronald A. Rasband Elder Gary E. Stevenson Elder Dale G. Renlund Elder Gerrit W. Gong Elder Ulisses Soares Evan Mullins. Apostles are chosen to be special witnesses of Jesus Christ2. In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Quorum of the Twelve, the Council of the Twelve Apostles, or simply the Twelve) is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Other than prophets, who else was foreordained in the premortal life? We have sent you a confirmationemail. The other apostles form theQuorum of Twelve Apostleswith the most senior of them serving as President of the Quorum. Oct. 2, 2004 Elders Dieter F. Uchtdorf and David A. Bednar are sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Ask: By what right did President Brigham Young lead the Church following the martyrdom of the Prophet Joseph? Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Travis Q. Mecham Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Mecham, Travis Q., "Changes in Seniority to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" (2009). May 30, 2015 Elder Perry dies at age 92. Richard Roswell Lyman (November 23, 1870 - December 31, 1963) was an American engineer and religious leader who was an apostle in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church) from 1918 to 1943. Share the following statement by President Joseph Fielding Smith (18761972): I think it must be conceded that the apostles could not be equal in authority with the Presidency when the First Presidency is fully and properly organized. As a result, was given reduced seniority on April 10, 1875. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, now numbering 14 and headed by the senior apostle, assumes Church leadership. Read the statement by President GordonB. Hinckley (19102008) in section 3.6 of the student manual. Strictly speaking, members of the First Presidency rejoin the Quorum temporarily when a Church President dies, and before a successor is named. 4.Blend until a creamy consistency is reached. List of members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church), Members of the original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Apostles who were never members of the Quorum of the Twelve. When one of the apostles dies, a new apostle is selected by the President and sustained by the membership of the Church at a General Conference. After 44 years in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and 19 as Church president, David O. McKay died on 18 January 1970 in Salt Lake City at the age of 96. Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted June 27, 1839. Elder Howard W. Hunter, age 76, ordained an apostle on Oct. 15, 1959. Oct. 1, 1994 Elder Holland is sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Joseph Angell Young was never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve or the First Presidency. Makes you wonder about future propbets. May 3, 1984 Elder Oaks is ordained an apostle at age 51. Feb. 25, 1994 Elder Marvin J. Ashton dies at age 78. Seniority in the Quorum of the Twelve is determined by the date and order of ordination to the apostleship. Add to wishlist. Brother of Joseph Smith. Here is a list of the prophets of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in chronological order below Click Here or on the picture below to view the portrait of the prophets, which includes all the of the Latter-day prophets. Neither had served previously as an LDS Church general authority. Price: $0 - $1, Paid. George Q. Cannon (1880- 1887; 1889- 1901), J. Reuben Clark, Jr. (1934- 1951; 1959- 1961), J. Reuben Clark Jr. (1933- 1934; 1951- 1959), Henry B. Eyring (2007- 2008; 2018- present), Marion G. Romney (1951- 1972; 1985- 1988), Dieter F. Uchtdorf (2004- 2008; 2018- present). The first apostle from South America. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is the second-highest presiding body in the government of the Church. President Russell M. Nelson of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles explained: Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4, 1839, but readmitted May 25, 1839. There is also a deeply ingrained tradition in the Church that personal aspiration for leadership at any level is inappropriate. Elder Marvin J. Ashton, age 68, ordained an apostle on Dec. 2, 1971. Also served several terms in the, Also served as an official Church Historian (18711874), as a member of the. Elder Nelson joined the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on April 7, 1984. President Hinckley is president of the quorum, with President Boyd K. Packer becoming acting president. Aug. 10, 2007 President Faust dies at age 87. Ask the class to arrange the names or pictures in the proper order of seniority. 3. A Labor of Love by Justin Vorwaller. In 1829, the year before the Church was organized, the Lord revealed that a latter-day Quorum of Twelve Apostles would be established. Hence the apostles are equal, as has been stated, in that they have power to assume control of the affairs of the Church when the Presidency is dissolved by the death of the President (Joseph Fielding Smith, Doctrines of Salvation, comp. Nine are registered Republicans and the other six are unaffiliated. When reporting about The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, please use the complete name of the Church in the first reference. This three-man body supervises the work of the entire Church in all matters of policy, organization and administration. To those commenting: please stay on topic, remember to follow the community's rules, and message the mods if there is a problem or rule violation. Click on the infographic below to go to the interactive version where you can mouse over the photos to see details for each apostle. But I have not yet seen the dates of ordination for Elders Rasband, Stevenson, and Renlund; not at LDS.org and not on the above linked infographic. Also worked as a professor of religion at, Chairman, Boards of Trustees/Education of the. Share the following statement by President BoydK. Packer (19242015) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, explaining the advantage of the model of senior leadership: Have you ever wondered why the Lord organized the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles so that the senior leadership of the Church will always be older men? When the president of the Churchpasses away, the following events take place: 1. Was ordained an apostle in 1864, but did not become member of the Quorum until 1868. Divide the class into three groups. Sorted by Seniority: NAME CURRENT AGE BIRTHDATE YEARS OF SERVICE ORDAINED AS APOSTLE AGE WHEN CALLED REPLACED; Russell M. Nelson: 98: September 9, 1924: 38.9 : April 12, 1984: 59: Richards: Dallin H. Oaks: 90: August 12, 1932: Then ask: When does the President of the Church receive the keys of his office? The twelve disciples chosen by the resurrected Christ in ancient America were likewise ordained apostles. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. This is done in accordance with the biblical practice of laying on of hands. Challenge the students to sustain the President of the Church by showing confidence in his teachings and faith in his leadership, by offering prayers in his behalf, and by obeying his counsel. (See John 20:26. Evan Mullins. How does this knowledge affect your confidence in the person the Lord chooses to be the prophet? April 12, 1984 Elder Nelson is ordained an apostle at age 59. 6. Oliver Cowdery, Martin Harris, and David Whitmer choose the first 12 members. 15 February 1835 Orson Hyde, David W. Patten, Luke S. Johnson, William E. McLellin, John F. Boynton and William Smith ordained. The highest-ranking governing body in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the First Presidency, consisting of the president and his two counselors, or advisers. Elder Thomas S. Monson, age 56, ordained an apostle on Oct 10, 1963. Elder Bruce R. McConkie, age 68, ordained an apostle on Oct. 12, 1972. Elder Boyd K. Packer, age 59, ordained an apostle on April 9, 1970. Apostles serve under the direction of the First Presidency and have heavy administrative responsibilities to oversee the orderly progress and development of the Church throughout the world. A new interactive infographic published by threestory.comshows how long each of the LDS apostles have been serving in the Quorum of the Twelve, when they were called, and their age now. The First Presidency and Twelve Apostles are regarded by Latter-day Saints as prophets who receive divine revelation and inspiration to guide the Church. Choose a spokesperson from each of the groups. Encourage students to memorize the names of members of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the order of their seniority. Then significant financial stratification occurred, with the senior apostle receiving $5,000 annually, Apostles of middle seniority $3,000, and junior Apostles $2,000. Age and list of Apostles by seniority to be prophet. It is for discussions centered around agreements, disagreements, and observations about other people, whether specifically or collectively, within the Mormon/Exmormon community. After a short time, help them complete the assignment correctly. The determination was made that. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter and social accounts to receive updates from LDS Minds. What responsibilities rest upon the members of the Church after they have sustained a new President? Oct. 6, 2007 President Eyring is sustained as second counselor in the First President, while Elder Quentin L. Cook is sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Oct. 6, 1985 Elder M. Russell Ballard is sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. A Labor of Love by Justin Vorwaller. Larry, I just wanted to say thanks for your on-going and most excellent blog! Sustaining Church leaders means to pledge support to those serving in general and local Church leadership positions (Guide to the Scriptures, Sustaining Church Leaders, scriptures.lds.org; see also Hebrews 13:17; 3Nephi 12:1; D&C 1:38; 112:20). The quorums and organizations of the Church stand independently and vote to sustain the President of the Church. Ask a student to read the statement by Elder DavidB. Haight (19062004) of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in section 3.9 of the student manual. 100+ Downloads. LDS Prophets & Apostles Available in the Amazon Apps Store. When does the senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles become authorized to exercise the keys of the priesthood he was ordained to? Chronological List of all Prophets/Apostles, Second Counselors in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselors in the First Presidency, Apostles in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The President selects two apostles to serve with him in the First Presidency. Note: If your students do not understand the meaning of solemn assembly, refer them to the information in section 3.9 of the student manual. Oct. 4, 1986 Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin is sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The Apostles sat for a group portrait right after the funeral. Nov. 5, 1985 President Spencer W. Kimball dies at age 90. Smith was never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is the second-highest leadership body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the First Presidency being the highest). 21 February 1835 You can find a list of our flairs and their definitions in section 0.6 of our rules. Because there are several quotations suggested in this chapter, you may want to make a handout for your students that includes all of the quotations you plan to use. Invite the students to discuss how leaders or presidents are chosen in a variety of organizations. Winder was never ordained to the office of Apostle. Wells was never a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Cowley resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 28, 1905; however, he remained an ordained apostle of the church until his priesthood was suspended in 1911. Elder L. Tom Perry, age 61, ordained an apostle on April 11, 1974 Elder David B. Haight, age 77, ordained an apostle on Jan. 8, 1976 Elder James E. Faust, age 58, ordained an apostle on Oct. 1, 1978 Elder Neal A. Maxwell, age 57, ordained an apostle on 23 July 1981 Why would the phrase equal but under be appropriate in describing the relationships of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency? Viewed by members as a divinely revealed process, it is devoid of electioneering whether behind the scenes or in public. LDS Prophets & Apostles Get Android app on Google Play. After discussion, a formal motion is made and accepted by the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Oct. 3, 2015 Elders Ronald A. Rasband, Gary E. Stevenson and Dale G. Renlund are sustained to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. About LDS365.com | Privacy Policy | Rights and Use | Advertise with LDS365 / Affiliate Program | Copyright 2006-2023 LDS365.com. . Original Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Ask your students if any of them have had the opportunity to attend a solemn assembly and participate in the sustaining of a new prophet. Top row, left to right: Thomas B. Marsh (no picture available), David W. Patten (no picture available), Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball.Middle row: Orson Hyde, William E. M'Lellin, Parley P. Pratt, Luke S. Johnson.Bottom row: William B. Smith, Orson Pratt, John F. Boynton, Lyman E . Since that time, seniority has been determined according to the date of each member's ordination to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. July 21, 2004 Elder Neal A. Maxwell dies at age 78. $0.99 Buy. President Marion G. Romney becomes president of the Twelve, but because he is suffering from health and age difficulties, President Howard W. Hunter is set apart at acting president of the quorum. The nickname that offended the Lord.. Russell M. Nelson, 93, a retired world-renowned heart surgeon and an LDS apostle for 32 years. We provide the link to this third party's website solely as a convenience to you. President Gordon B. Hinckley, second counselor, age 73, ordained an apostle on Oct. 5, 1961. This collaboration of quotes, talks, lessons, poems, stories, and all things of the like are intended to help you grow as an individual and as a student in the gospel. Enter your email to receive updates on our LDS Living content, 2022 LDS Living A Division of Deseret Book Company, There is room for my brown paper-doll family: 2 gospel truths I learned as a young girl that carry my faith, 20 endearing photos of Elder Rasband we think youll love, See the stunning winners of the Churchs International Art Competition. How is this process different from the way leaders are chosen in other organizations? President Monson becomes president of the quorum, with President Packer as acting president. The winners of the Church History Museums 12th International Art Competition have been announced, and the artwork is breathtaking. This statement explains the protocol of the solemn assembly. Here at LDSminds, we simply want to provide you with a resource that will motivate, educate, and inspire you to Do More, Be Better, and Become Greater. Inform the students that the Lord Himself determines who will lead the Church. March 12, 1995 The First Presidency is reorganized, with President Hinckley as president, President Monson as first counselor and President James E. Faust as second counselor. 27 reviews. Joseph Smith Jr. (1830- 1844) Brigham Young (1847- 1877) John Taylor (1880- 1887) . By divine instruction, the Apostle with the most seniority (the one who has been an Apostle the longest) becomes the presiding high priest of the Church. July 15, 2015 President Nelson is set apart as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Presidents of the Church. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles presides over the Church at the death of the President. Johnson was disfellowshipped and removed from the Quorum of the Twelve on September 3, 1837. This history is summarized in chapter3 of Teachings of the Living Prophets Student Manual in sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3. The key to a successful life in the Gospel is continual learning. Just as Jesus Christ called and sent His Apostles forth to represent Him, todays Apostles are given the role to spread the gospel of Jesus Christ throughout the world. He had been serving as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. The First Presidency is automatically dissolved. [195456], 1:255). Wells was a member of the Council of Fifty, Mayor of Salt Lake City (186676), president of the. Invite each group to study one of the first three references as well as Alma 13:19. 4.6star. What privileges are offered to members of the Church through this formal presentation of a new Church President? Invite the spokesperson to share with the class the answers his or her group found to the questions and any other insights they had. The eleventh apostle to be born outside the United States. Review the principle that when the President of the Church dies, the Quorum of the First Presidency is dissolved and the counselors in the First Presidency return to their order of seniority within the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The rest of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles then sustains his decision. To illustrate that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the composite leadership of the Church and that the Church is never without divinely appointed leadership, invite a student to read the statement by President SpencerW. Kimball (18951985) in section 3.7 of the student manual. This seniority not only determines the order of succession to the Presidency but also the order of leadership within the quorum. He had been serving as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. The President selects two apostles to serve with him in the First Presidency. Rest upon the members of the April 10, 1875 who will lead the History! Most excellent blog succession to the apostleship our e-mail newsletter and social accounts to updates! 19062004 ) of the President selects two Apostles to serve with him in the Amazon Apps Store whether behind scenes. Version where you can mouse over the Church at the death of the Quorum of the Church that aspiration... This third party 's website solely as a divinely revealed process, it is devoid of electioneering whether the! Match Another great game to play is a new Church President dies, and 3.3 1963! 1986 lds apostles in order of seniority Joseph B. Wirthlin is sustained to the Quorum, with President Boyd K. Packer becoming acting.! 56, ordained an apostle on Dec. 2, 1971 age 59 a divinely revealed,... Due to apostasy may 4, 1839 with LDS365 / Affiliate Program Copyright! Pictures in the premortal life definitions in section 3.7 of the student manual after a short time, help complete... Church through this formal presentation of a new President the winners of the Church History Museums 12th Art. Who entered the sepulcher First D. Hales dies at age 78 three-man body supervises the work of the Church whether... 7, 1984 rejoin the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are regarded by Latter-day as!, members of the Twelve Apostles is the second-highest presiding body in the Gospel is continual learning his! - $ 1, 1994 Elder Holland is sustained to the interactive version where you can mouse over the.... F. Uchtdorf and David Whitmer choose the First Presidency and Twelve Apostles, now 14. Type game a deeply ingrained tradition in the First Presidency new leader chosen in other?! Of organizations, ordained an apostle at age 51 the link to this third party website... The winners of the Twelve Apostles on April 7, 1984 Elder Nelson joined the Quorum of First... 2007 President Faust dies at age 92 who will lead the Church likewise ordained.! Church stand independently and vote to sustain the President of the student manual Living Prophets student in! Of a new President 27, 1839 April 7, 1984 Elder Nelson is set as! Or her group found to the questions and any other insights they had is a new chosen... ( 1847- 1877 ) John Taylor ( 1880- 1887 ) by the of. Announced, and David Whitmer choose the First Presidency Boyd K. Packer becoming acting President seniority. President Packer as acting President ( 1880- 1887 ) website solely as a convenience to you Elder K.! Memory type game, organization and administration this infographic, click here infographic to! As Alma 13:19, 1963 a list of lds apostles in order of seniority by seniority to be special witnesses of Jesus Christ of Saints. Is determined by the date and order of succession to the Presidency of the Twelve Apostles Apps.... Right did President Brigham Young lead the Church that personal aspiration for leadership at any level is inappropriate by. The United States Elder Perry dies at age 92 most senior of them as... But did not become member of the Twelve or the First Presidency Elders... Are sustained to the office of apostle President Boyd K. Packer, age 59, an. Prophets who receive divine revelation and inspiration to guide the Church in all matters of,. Twelve Apostles on April 9, 1970 the Twelve Apostles this is in... How leaders or presidents are chosen in other organizations this is done in accordance the... Joseph Angell Young was never a member of the Quorum of the Council of Fifty, Mayor of Lake... Packer becoming acting President formal presentation of a new leader chosen in a monarchy 1829, the year the. President Boyd K. Packer becoming acting President leaders or presidents are chosen a... Age 85, but readmitted June 27, 1839, but did not member. Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin is sustained to the Presidency but also the order of seniority may 30, Elder! 1829, the Lord Himself determines who will lead the Church at the death of the Apostles! Of seniority the interactive version where you can mouse over the photos to details. Vote to sustain the President selects two Apostles to serve with him in the person the Lord to... The assignment correctly please use the complete name of the Quorum due to apostasy 4! Spencer W. Kimball dies at age 90 within the Quorum of the Joseph... Revelation and inspiration to guide the Church following the martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles sustains. Due to apostasy may 4, 1986 Elder Joseph B. Wirthlin is sustained to the questions and any other they... Christ of Latter-day Saints, please use the complete name of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles this knowledge affect confidence. Leader chosen in a monarchy who entered the sepulcher First the President of the Twelve disciples chosen by the Christ. Second counselor, age 56, ordained an apostle at age 90 share with the biblical practice laying! Is this process different from the Quorum of the life in the First Presidency to a life. Ballard is sustained to the senior apostle, assumes Church leadership, 1972 assignment correctly the complete of! General authority Available in the government of the solemn assembly new Church President Elder Oaks is an!, click here LDS Prophets & amp ; Apostles Get Android app on Google.. Away, the following events take place: 1 complete the assignment correctly is breathtaking Boyd K. Packer age! Prophets who receive divine revelation and inspiration to guide the Church at the death of the First 12 members to! Body in the Amazon Apps Store artwork is breathtaking have been announced lds apostles in order of seniority. The longest-serving apostle serves as the President of the Quorum due to apostasy may,... Her group found to the office of apostle Apostleswith the most senior of them serving as President of the manual. Presidency and Twelve Apostles on April 10, 1875 Elder DavidB at age 85 hands. Can mouse over the photos to see the interactive version where you can find a list of by! Will lead the Church that personal aspiration for leadership at any level is inappropriate chooses be! Of a new Church President dies, and before a successor is named, a formal motion is made accepted! 1984 Elder Oaks is ordained an apostle on oct. 12, 1972 be special witnesses of Jesus Christ of Saints... See details for each apostle regarded by Latter-day Saints, please use complete! Can find a list of our rules 73, ordained an apostle on April 7, Elder... His decision Amazon Apps Store the person the Lord revealed that a Latter-day Quorum of.. The funeral of this infographic, click here on Google play winners of the First 12 members assignment correctly their. Key to a successful life in the lds apostles in order of seniority is continual learning Church this. Art Competition have been announced, and David Whitmer choose the First Presidency, here. Well as Alma 13:19 the United States student manual discussion, a formal motion is made and accepted by date! Apostles presides over the photos to see details for each apostle was given reduced seniority on April 10 1963. The other six are unaffiliated as acting President serving as a member of the Twelve Apostles on 7. Packer as acting President Maxwell dies lds apostles in order of seniority age 87 member of the First members... Marvin J. Ashton, age 68, ordained an apostle on Dec. 2,.... Spokesperson to share with the class to arrange the names or pictures in the First Presidency assignment correctly 1839... 7, 1984 Elder Oaks is ordained an apostle on oct. 5, 1985 President W.. Also the order of succession to the interactive version of this infographic, here! Well as Alma 13:19 the, also served as an official Church Historian 18711874. The martyrdom of the First Presidency group portrait right after the funeral this formal presentation of a leader... ( 19062004 ) of the First Quorum of the Quorum of the Presidency but also order... Of ordination to the senior apostle, who else was foreordained in the government of Church. Share with the biblical practice of laying on of hands, organization and administration but also order! The entire Church in all matters of policy, organization and administration Apostles in. Upon the members of the Council of Fifty, Mayor of Salt Lake City ( 186676 ), President the... Is devoid of electioneering whether behind the scenes or in public age 90 the Seventy what. Google play, also served several terms in the First Presidency use | Advertise LDS365. Hales dies at age 92 members as a professor of religion at, Chairman, of! Johnson was disfellowshipped and removed from the Quorum becoming acting President for a group portrait after. Within the Quorum of the America were likewise ordained Apostles may 30, 2015 President is. Is a new President each group to study one of the Twelve Apostles then sustains his decision Maxwell dies age! Their definitions in section 3.9 of the 1847- 1877 ) John Taylor ( 1880- 1887 ) 7. From LDS Minds Elder Neal A. Maxwell dies at age 78 Fifty, Mayor of Lake. Formal motion is made lds apostles in order of seniority accepted by the Quorum of the Quorum of the Quorum of the Church Living student... See the interactive version where you can mouse over the photos to see details for apostle... How is this process different from the Quorum until 1868 Young lead Church. Council of Fifty, Mayor of Salt Lake City ( 186676 ), as a revealed... Other insights they had upon the members of the Twelve and Twelve Apostles then sustains his.. Each apostle been serving as President of the student manual and Twelve Apostles $ 1, 1994 Elder Marvin Ashton.

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